You will need to read passages of this article multiple times to fully understand it. Though the PDF is 6 pages, you should allow yourself much more time than you might think to do this assignment. Ac

Are you pressed for time and haven’t started working on your assignment yet? Would you like to buy an assignment? Use our custom writing services for better grades. Even if your deadline is approaching fast, our writers can handle your task right when you need it.


Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper

You will need to read passages of this article multiple times to fully understand it. Though the PDF is 6 pages, you should allow yourself much more time than you might think to do this assignment. Academic writing is dense and precise. Be sure to look up words you don’t recognize and challenge yourself to understand everything you’ve read before moving too far ahead. Writing notes or “translations” of the main points of each paragraph is a good way to start if you’re feeling very stuck.

Finally, you will need your notes and reading from week 2 / chapter 2 to do this assignment correctly. Refer to those notes often!

Here are the questions you’ll be answering as you read.

  • What is/are the Independent Variable(s) of this study? Use the exact terminology of the article.
  • What is/are the Dependent Variable(s) of this study? Use the exact terminology of the article.
  • What is the hypothesis of the experiment conducted in this article?
  • What is one piece of evidence the authors use to support their hypothesis (you will find the evidence in the introduction)?
  • How many participants were recruited that completed the entire study?
  • Did this study have a control group? How was the effect of order of presentation addressed?
  • Was there an effect due to the order of presentation? How do the authors know?
  • What were the operational definitions of each dependent variable?
  • What were the findings of the study? What happened to ghrelin levels over time for those who thought they were drinking the sensi-shake? The indulgent shake?
  • Based on the findings of this paper, what’s one recommendation you might make to friend who was trying to overeat less frequently?

THIS IS QUESTION ANSWER NOT A PAPER

You will need to read passages of this article multiple times to fully understand it. Though the PDF is 6 pages, you should allow yourself much more time than you might think to do this assignment. Ac
BRIEF REPORT Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response Alia J. CrumYale University William R. CorbinArizona State University Kelly D. Brownell and Peter Salovey Yale University Objective:To test whether physiological satiation as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on the mindset in which one approaches consumption of food.Methods:On 2 separate occasions, participants (n 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense that it was either a 620-calorie “indulgent” shake or a 140-calorie “sensible” shake. Ghrelin was measured via intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20 min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min). During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading) label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake.Results:The mindset of indulgence produced a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants’ satiety was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional value of what they consumed.Conclusions:The effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset meaningfully affects physiological responses to food. Keywords:mindset, nutrition, ghrelin, hunger, product labeling Although often ignored, one’s mindset (thoughts, beliefs, and expectations) is a key component in various domains of health. The mere expectation to heal even in the absence of active phar- maceutical or chemical substances enhances the effect of medica- tion (e.g., Brody, 1980; Price, Finniss, Benedetti, 2008); one’s interpretation of events despite their objective characteristics de- termines the impact of stress and illness on the body (e.g., Cohen & Williamson, 1991; Park, 2006); and identifying housework as a good source of exercise can elicit corresponding physiological benefits without any changes in actual activity (Crum & Langer, 2007). Evidence continues to point to the idea that one’s state of mind influences the body, and we cannot easily separate the interdependence of mind and body (Langer, 2009).Studies of food expectancies suggest an important role for a per- son’s mindset in determining taste and preference. For instance, people like the taste of Coke better when it is consumed from a brand-name cup (McClure et al., 2004); strawberry yogurt and cheese spreads are enjoyed less if they are labeled “low-fat” (Wardle & Solomons, 1994); adding vinegar to beer under the labeling “special ingredient” can actually improve taste ratings (provided the consumer is unaware that the “special ingredient” is vinegar; Lee, Frederick, & Ariely, 2006); and manipulating the perceived cost of wine to be more expensive (but not the wine itself) can result in heightened activity in the medial orbital frontal cortex, the pleasure center of the brain (Plassmann, O’Doherty, Shiv, & Rangel, 2008). Food labels and perceptions also affect hunger as well as subse- quent food consumption. For example, people tend to modify their eating based on perceived calorie intake such that, when a high or low calorie preload is presented as high or low calorie, actual caloric content matters little as compared to perceived caloric intake. In general, when people think they have eaten a high calorie preload they report greater fullness and eat less in response, whereas when people believe they have eaten a low calorie preload they report more hunger and eat more in response (e.g., Polivy, 1976; Provencher, Polivy, & Herman, 2009; Wooley, Wooley, & Woods, 1975). These differences are often moderated by restrained eating such that highly restrained participants tend to eat even more after perceiving themselves as having consumed a high calorie preload, a phenomenon called coun- terregulatory eating (e.g., Knight & Boland, 1989; Polivy, 1976; Spencer & Fremouw, 1979). This article was published Online First May 16, 2011. Alia J. Crum, Kelly D. Brownell, and Peter Salovey, Department of Psychology, Yale University; William R. Corbin, Department of Psychol- ogy, Arizona State University. We thank the Rudd Foundation and the Yale Center for Clinical Inves- tigation for financial and logistical support. We also thank Ellen Langer, Thomas Horvath, Shirley McCarthy, and Sonia Caprio for their intellectual guidance, Cathy Crum for her comments on this article, and Gibbs Graph- ics for the label design. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Alia J. Crum, Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail: [email protected] Health Psychology© 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 30, No. 4, 424 – 4290278-6133/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0023467 424 In the past decade, investigators have improved our understand- ing of the molecular mechanisms that control food intake and body weight. Central to this line of research has been the identification and characterization of metabolic signals that serve as fundamental indexes of energy balance. A hormone that has proved to be particularly influential is the gut peptide ghrelin. Identified in 1999, ghrelin is an essential indicator of energy insufficiency. When energy intake is low or the stomach is empty, ghrelin is secreted from the endocrine cells of the stomach and transported in the bloodstream to the brain, where it binds with receptors in the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus to produce the sensation of hunger and motivate consumption. As energy intake increases and nutrients are detected in the gastrointestinal tract, ghrelin levels are suppressed, thereby signaling to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to reduce appetite and increase feelings of satiety (Baynes, Dhillo, & Bloom, 2006; Murphy, Dhillo, & Bloom, 2006). In principle, the rise and fall of ghrelin occur systematically and in proportion to calories consumed to achieve a healthy metabolic balance (Zigman & Elmquist, 2003). However the communication between the metabolic and neurological systems is complex. Even subtle changes can have profound implications for health and homeostasis (Murphy et al., 2006). For example, among obese individuals, the usual postprandial reduction in ghrelin is absent or attenuated suggesting that abnormalities in the gut hormone sig- naling system may be associated with weight gain and obesity (Cummings, 2006). Peripheral or intracereroventricular adminis- tration of ghrelin in both humans and rodents has been shown to promote food intake and body weight gain (e.g., Theander-Carillo et al., 2006; Wren et al., 2001, as cited in Castan˜ eda et al., 2010). In light of the power of beliefs and expectations in affecting other physiological processes, we sought to determine whether subtle changes in the mindset associated with eating might influence the release of ghrelin in response to food consumption. Considering the moderating influence of restraint on the psychological effects of eating behavior and satiety (e.g., Heatherton, Polivy, & Herman, 1989) and the influence of restrained eating on the ghrelin response (Schur, Cummings, Callahan, & Foster-Schubert, 2008), restrained eating was also included in the analyses. Method Participants Participants were recruited through fliers presenting the oppor- tunity to participate in a “Shake Tasting Study” at the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation in exchange for $75 for the two 2.5-hr sessions. These fliers were posted around the New Haven com- munity in both on- and off-campus locations in an attempt to recruit a diverse sample. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 35, within a normal to overweight range of body mass index (BMI;M 22.5,SD 4.04), and were prescreened for diabetes, pregnancy, chronic medical or psychiatric conditions, and food allergies to lactose or eggs. Fifty-three participants were recruited; however, two participants did not attend the second session, and five participants did not complete the preliminary survey. Data were analyzed using the 46 participants who completed all com- ponents of the study (65% women, 78% student, 22% member ofcommunity; 56% White, 12% African American, 11% Asian American, 10% Hispanic/Latino, and 11% other). Design and Procedure Participants were scheduled for two, 2.5-hr sessions at the Yale Clinical Research Center Hospital Research Unit (HRU). These sessions were exactly 1 week apart, either at 8:00 a.m. or 8:20 a.m. after an overnight fast. At the first session, participants were told that the metabolic kitchen at the Yale Center for Clinical Investi- gation was working on designing two different milkshakes with different nutrient contents and that they would taste one milkshake in the first week and another milkshake the following week. They were told that the goal of the study was to evaluate whether the milkshakes tasted similar and to examine the body’s reaction to the different nutrients (high vs. low fat, high vs. low sugar, etc.). Unknown to the participants, the contents of the two milkshakes were identical. However, the labels depicting these beverages differed from Time 1 to Time 2: The indulgent condition presented the milkshake as a high fat, high calorie “indulgent” shake; the sensi- shake condition touted the milkshake as a low fat, low calorie “sen- sible” shake. The corresponding labels are presented in Figures 1 and 2. Please visit www.GibbsGraphicsArt.com/Crum.html to view the color versions of these designs. At each session, an intravenous catheter was placed for blood drawing, and after a 20-min rest period, the first blood sample was drawn, followed by samples taken at 60 and 90 min. During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake. To control for speed of consumption, participants were instructed to consume the shake in its entirety within the first 10 min of this interval. Order of presentation of the two milkshakes was counterbal- anced so that approximately half (45%) of the participants received the sensi-shake in the first session and half (55%) of the participants received the indulgent shake in the first session. Measures Ghrelin.Ghrelin was measured using a double antibody RIA (GHRT-89HK) with intra-assay variability of 4 to 10%, and inter- assay variability of 4.8 to 12.8% (Millipore; St. Charles, MO). Samples were kept on ice during the collection period after which they were spun and plasma was stored at 70 °C until they were batch analyzed. Total amount of blood collected was 90 ccs (45 ccs per visit). Taste ratings.During consumption, participants were asked to comment on various aspects of the milkshake including smell, appearance, and taste as well as enjoyment and healthiness. Re- sponses to these questions were assessed via 100-mm visual ana- logue scales ranging from 0 (not at all) to 100 (extremely). Hunger ratings.Ten minutes prior to each ghrelin measure- ment, participants were asked to rate their subjective feelings of hunger. Responses to these questions were assessed via 100-mm visual analogue scales ranging from 0 (not at all) to 100 (ex- tremely). Restrained eating.The Dutch Eating Behavior Question- naire (DEBQ; Van Strien, Frijters, Bergers, & Defares, 1986) was used to assess dietary restraint. Although this measure also has 425 MIND OVER MILKSHAKES subscales for emotional eating and external eating, only the re- straint subscale was analyzed in this study. We selected this scale over other measures of restraint because it has been identified as being a unidimensional measure of restraint (other scales of re- straint include items about disinhibition, combining successful and unsuccessful restraint into the same variable; e.g., Allison, Kalin- ski, & Gorman, 1992; Van Strien et al., 1986). Furthermore, we felt that this scale would be particularly relevant to the sample of interest because it has a highly stable factor structure across genders and weight categories (other scales show higher variability across weight and gender; e.g., Allison et al., 1992; Gorman &Allison, 1995; Van Strien, 2007; Wardle, 1987). In the current sample, reliability of the restraint subscale was adequate (Cron- bach’s .82). In our analyses, restrained eating was dichoto- mized at the midpoint of the scale (separating those who reported restraining their eatingsometimesorseldomfrom those who reported restraining their eatingoftenoralways). Results To assess the effect of the label manipulation on perceived healthiness and perceived tastiness of the milkshake, a mixed- Figure 1.Indulgent shake label. Figure 2.Sensible shake label. 426 CRUM, CORBIN, BROWNELL, AND SALOVEY model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with shake type (indulgent, sensi-shake), restrained eating (nonrestrained, re- strained), and order (Session 1, Session 2) included as factors in the model. For perceived healthiness, these analyses revealed a significant main effect for type of shake,F(1, 89) 42.50,p .01, 2 .33, with no significant main or interaction effects for restrained eating or for the order in which the shakes were con- sumed. Simple effects tests suggested that participants rated the sensi-shake as significantly healthier than the indulgent shake, t(44) 15.61,p .01. These differences are illustrated in Figure 3. There were no significant main or interaction effects of shake, order, or restrained eating on perceived tastiness of the shake. To test the effect of shake condition on ghrelin and hunger, the data were first assessed using mixed-model ANOVA with time (baseline, anticipatory, postconsumption), shake type (indulgent, sensi-shake) and order (Session 1, Session 2) as fixed factors. Because the model failed to identify significant main effects or interactions involving order (suggesting that the ordering of the sessions did not elicit any reliable differences), the data were collapsed over order and analyzed using a 2 (shake type: indulgent, sensi-shake) 3 (time: baseline, anticipatory, postconsumption) repeated-measures general linear model (GLM) with restrained eating as a between-subjects variable. Reflecting the different patterns of response hypothesized during the anticipatory and postconsumption phases, we expected a quadratic shake time interaction effect. For ghrelin, the 2 (shake type: indulgent, sensi-shake) 3 (time: baseline, anticipatory, postconsumption) repeated-measures GLM produced a reliable quadratic effect,F(1, 44) 4.36,p .04, 2 .09 1. To be specific, participants exhibited a steeper rise in ghrelin in anticipation of the indulgent shake, followed by a significantly steeper reduction in this biological marker of hunger after consuming the shake. When drinking the shake in an indul- gent mindset, participants’ levels of ghrelin reflected a moderate level of physiological craving followed by a significant level of physiological satiety. On the other hand, when drinking the shake in a sensible mindset, participants exhibited flat or slightly in- creased levels of ghrelin over the course of consumption suggest- ing that, despite consuming the same nutrient contents, they were not physiologically satisfied. The 2 (restraint: nonrestrained, re-strained) 2 (shake type: indulgent, sensi-shake) 3 (time: baseline, anticipatory, postconsumption) interaction was not sig- nificant nor was there a significant between-subjects effect of restrained eating. Figure 4 provides a graphic representation of the effects of shake label on ghrelin as a function of mindset. To understand further the differences in ghrelin levels between the two types of shakes at the anticipatory and postconsumption time points, the interactions were decomposed by conducting separate analyses for the anticipatory and postconsumption intervals. These analyses suggest that the primary driver of the quadratic effect was the response to consuming the shake rather than anticipation of it, that is, the 2 (shake type: indulgent, sensi-shake) 2 (time: anticipa- tory, postprandial) effect was significant,F(1, 44) 5.75,p .02, 2 .12, whereas the 2 (shake type: indulgent, sensi-shake) 2 (time: baseline, anticipatory) effect was not,F(1, 44) 0.94,p .34, 2 .02. For the measure of hunger, these analyses produced no significant main or interaction effects as a function of shake, time, or restrained eating. Discussion When participants drank the indulgent shake, they had a signif- icantly steeper decline in ghrelin than when they drank the sensible shake. The observed pattern of ghrelin response is consistent with what one might observe if participants actually consumed bever- ages with differing caloric contents (i.e., high vs. low energy intake; Taheri, Lin, Austin, Young, & Mignot, 2004). However, in this case the distinctive ghrelin profiles were psychologically mediated; they were dependent on the perceived expectancies of the milkshakes’ nutritional contents as opposed to objective nutri- tional differences. That we obtained these results independent of the intrinsic properties of food challenges the typical assumption with respect to the physiology of food intake and, in so doing, may provide a missing link in the inexact science of weight and metabolic main- tenance. Although the caloric balance equation seems simple and straightforward (Ayyad & Andersen, 2000), these findings suggest that the psychological mindset of sensibility while eating may actually dampen the effect of ghrelin. Although the effect of such psychologically mediated differences on subsequent consumption or long-term alterations in weight were not measured in this particular study, future research on the impact of this phenomenon on metabolic maintenance is warranted. Elevated ghrelin levels can cause increased body weight and fat gain through increased caloric consumption, decreased energy expenditure, and a shift away from the metabolic utilization of adiposity as an energy source (Murphy et al., 2006; Zigman & Elmquist, 2003). Ghrelin antagonists produce the opposite effect: increasing energy expen- diture, decreasing food intake, and producing long term fat reduc- tion and weight loss (Castan˜ eda et al., 2010). The relatively flat ghrelin profiles in response to consuming the shake in a sensible mindset may be placing participants in a psychologically challeng- ing state marked by increased appetite and decreased metabolism. 1Cummings (2006) suggested that weight had an impact on ghrelin. However, when weight was entered as a covariate, the analyses remained significant for both the overall effect,F(1, 42) 4.59,p .04, .10, and the postconsumption effect,F(1, 42) 5.19,p .03, .11. Figure 3.Differences in perceived healthiness as a function of shake label. Error bars reflect standard errors of the mean. 427 MIND OVER MILKSHAKES This study did not find any significant differences with respect to subjective hunger regardless of mindset after participants con- sumed the milkshake. This result may have been a function of the measurement timing (hunger levels were assessed 10 min prior to ghrelin changes as opposed to simultaneously or subsequently), or the manner in which hunger was measured (visual analogue scale). Additional research endeavoring to understand better how varying ghrelin levels are related to subjective hunger and subsequent consumption would be useful. Studies incorporating subsequent consumption would also be important for placing these findings in the context of the literature on restrained eating. Although restrained eating was not a signif- icant moderator of the psychological mediated ghrelin response in this study, a long line of research supports the fact that restrained eaters respond differently to food and label cues as well as well as to perceived intake than those who are not restraining their eating (e.g., Herman & Polivy, 1984; Knight & Boland, 1989). It is possible that important differences between restrained and nonre- strained eaters may emerge in different variations of the test, in studies that also assess subsequent consumption and counterregu- latory eating, or in evaluating the extent to which this phenomenon has meaningful implications in a more naturalistic progression (the sensible label manipulation may have temporarily elicited the mindset of restraint even in those individuals who do not consis- tently report themselves as being restrained). We altered food labels to isolate the effect of the mindset in response to an experimental manipulation. In the real world, label manipulation for other purposes is common. Companies supple- ment mandated calorie labeling with health claims that stretch the healthy or hedonic attributes of their product in an effort to increase consumption. Furthermore, these claims are often inac- curate and misleading (Hasler, 2008). A product may be labeled “low-fat” (because it is lower in fat than a full fat option) but still be a high-fat food. A food product might be a good source of fiber but still have a sugar content that is exorbitantly high. This juxtaposition of unhealthy nutrients with healthy proclamations may be especially dangerous. Not only is the product itself un- healthy, but the mindset of sensibility might correspond to an inadequate suppression of ghrelin, regardless of the actual nutrient makeup. Meaningful differences in ghrelin response that were indepen- dent of changes in actual nutrients have important implicationsgiven recent interest in exploring the physiological and pharma- cological use of gut peptides as a means to manage weight (Baynes et al., 2006; Zigman & Elmquist, 2006). We argue that, much like placebo effects, alterations in mindset—what one believes and expects to be eating— have the potential to elicit a seemingly inappropriate sense of satiation. This is an intriguing addition to the growing literature supporting the mindset’s pervasive, yet often unexpected, influence on physiological states. Additional research endeavoring to understand better how psychological factors influ- ence the biological impact of food is particularly warranted. Per- haps if we can begin to approach even the healthiest foods with a mindset of indulgence, we will experience the physiological sat- isfaction of having had our cake and eaten it too. References Allison, D. B., Kalinsky, L. B., & Gorman, B. S. (1992). A comparison of the psychometric properties of three measures of dietary restraint.Psy- chological Assessment, 4,391–398. Ayyad, C., & Andersen, T. (2000). Long-term efficacy of dietary treatment of obesity: A systematic review of studies published between 1931 and 1999.Obesity Reviews, 1,113–119. Baynes, K. C. R., Dhillo, W. S., & Bloom, S. R. (2006). Regulation of food intake by gastrointestinal hormones.Current Opinion in Gastroenterol- ogy, 22,626 – 631. Brody, H. (1980).Placebos and the philosophy of medicine: Clinical, conceptual, and ethical issues.Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Castan˜ eda, T. R., Tong, J., Datta, R., Culler, M., & Tscho¨ p, M. H. (2010). Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism.Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 31,44 – 60. Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1991). Stress and infectious disease in humans.Psychological Bulletin, 109,5–24. Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007). Mind-set matters: Exercise and the placebo effect.Psychological Science, 18,165–171. Cummings, D. E. (2006). Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight.Physiology & Behavior, 89,71– 84. Gorman, B. S., & Allison, D. B. (1995). Measures of restrained eating. In D. B. Allison (Ed.),Handbook of assessment methods for eating behav- iors and weight related problems: measures, theory, and research(pp. 149 –184). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hasler, C. M. (2008). Health claims in the United States: An aid to the public or a source of confusion?The Journal of Nutrition, 138,1216S– 1220S. Heatherton, T. F., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1989). Restraint and internal responsiveness: Effects of placebo manipulations of hunger state on eating.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98,89 –92. Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1984). A boundary model for the regulation of eating.Research Publications—Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, 62,141. Knight, L. J., & Boland, F. J. (1989). Restrained eating: An experimental disentanglement of the disinhibiting variables of perceived calories and food type.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98,412– 420. Langer, E. J. (2009).Counterclockwise: Mindful health and the power of possibility.New York, NY: Random House. Lee, L., Frederick, S., & Ariely, D. (2006). Try it, you’ll like it: The influence of expectation, consumption, and revelation on preferences for beer.Psychological Science, 17,1054 –1058. McClure, S. M., Li, J., Tomlin, D., Cypert, K. S., Montague, L. M., & Montague, P. R. (2004). Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks.Neuron, 44,379 –387. Murphy, K. G., Dhillo, W. S., & Bloom, S. R. (2006). Gut peptides in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis.Endocrine Reviews, 27,719 –727. Figure 4.Ghrelin over time as a function of shake mindset. Label was viewed beginning at Minute 20. Shake was consumed beginning at Minute 60. Postconsumption interaction effect is significant atp .02. Overall quadratic effect is significant atp .04. pg/ml picograms/milliliter. 428 CRUM, CORBIN, BROWNELL, AND SALOVEY Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events– current status and future directions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74,791–796. Plassmann, H., O’Doherty, J., Shiv, B., & Rangel, A. (2008). Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105,1050 – 1054. Polivy, J. (1976). Perception of calories and regulation of intake in re- strained and unrestrained subjects.Addictive Behaviors, 1,237–243. Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008). A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: Recent advances and current thought. Annual Review of Psychology, 59,565–590. Provencher, V., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2009). Perceived healthiness of food. If it’s healthy, you can eat more!Appetite, 52,340 –344. Schur, E. A., Cummings, D. E., Callahan, H. S., & Foster-Schubert, K. E. (2008). Association of cognitive restraint with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin levels in subjects who are not weight-reduced.Physiology & Behavior, 93,706 –712. Spencer, J. A., & Fremouw, W. J. (1979). Binge eating as a function of restraint and weight classification.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 262–267. Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004). Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and in- creased body mass index.Public Library of Science Medicine, 1,210. Theander-Carrillo, C., Wiedmer, P., Cettour-Rose, P., Nogueiras, R., Perez-Tilve, D., Pfluger, P., . . . Muzzin, P. (2006). Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism.The Journal of Clinical Investiga- tion, 116,1983.Van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E. R., Bergers, G. P. A., & Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior.International Jour- nal of Eating Disorders, 5,295–315. Van Strien, T., Peter Herman, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Larsen, J. K., & van Leeuwe, J. F. J. (2007). Construct validation of the restraint scale in normal-weight and overweight females.Appetite, 49,109 –121. Wardle, J. (1987). Eating style: A validation study of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in normal subjects and women with eating disorders.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31,161–169. Wardle, J., & Solomons, W. (1994). Naughty but nice: A laboratory study of health information and food preferences in a community sample. Health Psychology, 13,180 –183. Wooley, O. W., Wooley, S. C., & Woods, W. (1975). Appetite for palatable food as a function of the caloric density of the previous meal.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 619 – 625. Wren, A. M., Seal, L. J., Cohen, M. A., Brynes, A. E., Frost, G. S., Murphy, K. G., . . . Bloom, S. R. (2001). Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86,5992. Zigman, J. M., & Elmquist, J. K. (2003). Minireview: From anorexia to obesity—The yin and yang of body weight control.Endocrinology, 144, 3749 –3756. Zigman, J. M., & Elmquist, J. K. (2006). In search of an effective obesity treatment: A shot in the dark or a shot in the arm?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 103,12961–12962. Correction to Crum et al. (2011) The brief report “Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response” by Alia J. Crum, William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell, and Peter Salovey (Health Psychology, Advance online publication. May 16, 2011. doi:10.1037/a0023467), included a citation and refer- ence error. In the second paragraph on the first page, the Allison & Uhl 1964 citation is incorrect. The corrected sentence and full citation is below. All versions of this article have been corrected. “For instance, people like the taste of Coke better when it is consumed from a brand-name cup (McClure et al., 2004); strawberry yogurt and cheese spreads are enjoyed less if they are labeled “low-fat” (Wardle & Solomons, 1994); adding vinegar to beer under the labeling “special ingre- dient” can actually improve taste ratings (provided the consumer is unaware that the “special ingredient” is vinegar; Lee, Frederick, & Ariely, 2006); and manipulating the perceived cost of wine to be more expensive (but not the wine itself) can result in heightened activity in the medial orbital frontal cortex, the pleasure center of the brain (Plassmann, O’Doherty, Shiv, & Rangel, 2008).” Lee L., Frederick S., & Ariely D. (2006). Try it, you’ll like it: The influence of expectation, consumption, and revelation on preferences for beer.Psychological Science, 17,1054 –1058. DOI: 10.1037/a0024760 429 MIND OVER MILKSHAKES

Writerbay.net

Most students find it hard to finish papers at some point in their studies. If it ever happens to you, don’t get desperate—we have a service for every writing emergency! Whether you’re stuck with a problem, equation, or a piece of creative writing, we will definitely come to your rescue. Fill in the order form with the details of your paper. Write your personal instructions so we can meet your expectations.


Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper